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Introduction

Written on the eve of independence, this letter captures John Adams in the midst of one of the most consequential moments in American history. It replies to Abigail’s June 18 letter and conveys his awareness that Congress was poised to take a step from which there could be no retreat.

Letter Text

Yesterday the greatest question was decided which ever was debated in America, and a greater perhaps never was or will be decided among men. A resolution was passed without one dissenting colony that these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states. You will see in a few days a declaration setting forth the causes which have impelled us to this separation.

The day is past. The second day of July, 1776, will be the most memorable epoch in the history of America. I am apt to believe that it will be celebrated by succeeding generations as the great anniversary festival. It ought to be commemorated as the day of deliverance by solemn acts of devotion to God Almighty. It ought to be solemnized with pomp and parade, with shows, games, sports, guns, bells, bonfires, and illuminations from one end of this continent to the other from this time forward forevermore.

You will think me transported with enthusiasm, but I am not. I am well aware of the toil and blood and treasure that it will cost us to maintain this declaration and support and defend these states. Yet through all the gloom I can see the rays of ravishing light and glory. I can see that the end is more than worth all the means, and that posterity will triumph in that day’s transaction, even though we should rue it, which I trust in God we shall not.

HAL 1776 Commentary

This letter stands among the most famous in the Adams correspondence, revealing John Adams’s immediate reaction to the vote for independence. His confidence in July 2 as the lasting anniversary underscores how history is shaped not only by events, but by memory and interpretation. Within the series, the letter marks a turning point where private correspondence intersects directly with the birth of a nation.

Source

Founders Online, National Archives.
John Adams to Abigail Adams, 3 July 1776.
https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/04-01-02-0112